Ontario Grade 9 Science Class Practice Exam 2025 – Your Complete Guide to Exam Success!

During conduction, heat transfer occurs through direct contact between materials. This process relies on the collisions and interactions of particles within solid objects. When one part of a solid material is heated, its particles gain energy and vibrate more vigorously. These energetic particles then collide with adjacent particles, transferring some of their energy in the process. This transfer continues through the solid until thermal equilibrium is reached, meaning that the temperature is uniform throughout the material.

Conduction is particularly effective in solids, especially metals, where particles are closely packed and can easily transfer energy through their interactions. The efficiency of conduction depends on the material’s conductivity, which is a measure of how well heat can be conducted. Thus, the essence of conduction lies in the direct interaction of particles, making this answer the most accurate among the choices provided.